There has been a standard curriculum for Information Systems programs since the introduction of the DPMA Model Curriculum in 1981. Security management has been an important ingredient in all of the Information Systems curricula. For example, in the 1981 curriculum the CIS-13 course was titled EDP Audit and Controls and was taught much like it would be today, except the techniques were applied only to main-frames. The CNSS 4012 certification, for Senior Systems Managers is a natural certification to be added to an Information Systems program.